Its union in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Treaty of Union between the Kingdom of England (which included Wales, annexed in 1542) and the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707 formed the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have their own devolved governments, each with varying powers. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Liverpool and Leeds. The capital and largest city is London, a global city and financial centre with a metropolitan area population of over 14 million. The monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, has reigned since 1952. The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The total area of the United Kingdom is 93,628 square miles (242,500 km 2), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. It comprises England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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